Stadt in Tennessee, Vereinigte Staaten
Memphis, Tennessee | |||
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| Stadt Memphis | |||
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Lage von Memphis in Shelby County, Tennessee
Memphis ist eine Stadt am Mississippi River im Südwesten von Shelby County im US-Bundesstaat Tennessee. Die Einwohnerzahl der Stadt 2017 betrug 652.236 [5] womit Memphis die 25. größte Stadt in den Vereinigten Staaten ist. Greater Memphis ist der 42. größte Ballungsraum der Vereinigten Staaten mit einer Einwohnerzahl von 1.348.260 im Jahr 2017. [6] Die Stadt ist der Anker von West Tennessee und der Großraum-Süd-Region, zu der Teile des benachbarten Arkansas und Mississippi gehören. Memphis ist der Sitz von Shelby County, dem bevölkerungsreichsten Bezirk in Tennessee. Als eine der historischsten und kulturellsten Städte der Südstaaten der USA bietet die Stadt eine große Vielfalt an Landschaften und verschiedenen Nachbarschaften.
Der erste europäische Entdecker, der das Gebiet des heutigen Memphis besuchte, war der spanische Eroberer Hernando de Soto im Jahr 1541 mit seiner Expedition in die Neue Welt. Die hohen Klippen, die den Standort vor den Gewässern des Mississippi schützen, würden dann zwischen den Spaniern, Franzosen und Engländern angefochten, als Memphis Gestalt annahm. Modern Memphis wurde 1819 von drei prominenten Amerikanern gegründet: John Overton, James Winchester und dem zukünftigen Präsidenten Andrew Jackson. [7]
Memphis wuchs zu einer der größten Städte des Antebellum South als Markt für landwirtschaftliche Güter, natürliche Ressourcen wie Bauholz und den amerikanischen Sklavenhandel. Nach dem amerikanischen Bürgerkrieg und dem Ende der Sklaverei erlebte die Stadt im 20. Jahrhundert ein noch schnelleres Wachstum, als sie zu den größten Weltmärkten für Baumwolle [8] und Nutzholz wurde.
Memphis, Heimat der größten afroamerikanischen Bevölkerung von Tennessee, spielte eine herausragende Rolle in der amerikanischen Bürgerrechtsbewegung und wurde 1968 von Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. ermordet. Die Stadt beherbergt jetzt das National Civil Rights Museum - eine angeschlossene Einrichtung von Smithsonian. Memphis hat sich seit der Zeit des bürgerlichen Rechts zu einem der führenden Handelszentren der USA in Transport und Logistik entwickelt. [9] Der größte Arbeitgeber der Stadt ist der multinationale Kurierkonzern FedEx, der am Memphis International Airport seinen globalen Luftverkehrsknotenpunkt unterhält der zweitgrößte Frachtflughafen der Welt.
Memphis ist heute ein regionales Zentrum für Handel, Bildung, Medien, Kunst und Unterhaltung. Die Stadt hatte schon lange eine prominente Musikszene, [10] mit historischen Bluesclubs in der Beale Street, die den einzigartigen Memphis-Blues-Sound zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts hervorbrachten. Die Musik der Stadt wurde weiterhin durch eine multikulturelle Mischung aus Einflüssen aus den Blues-, Country-, Rock'n'Roll-, Soul- und Hip-Hop-Genres geprägt. Memphis Barbecue hat internationale Bekanntheit erlangt, und die Stadt ist Austragungsort des World Championship Barbecue Cooking Contest, der jährlich über 100.000 Besucher in die Stadt zieht.
Geschichte [ edit ]
Frühe Geschichte [ edit ]
Besetzung eines erheblichen Bluff aus dem Mississippi River, dem Standort von Memphis war seit Jahrtausenden ein natürlicher Ort für die Ansiedlung menschlicher Kulturen durch verschiedene Kulturen. [11] Das Gebiet wurde im ersten Jahrtausend n. Chr. von Menschen der Mississippian Culture besiedelt, die ein Netzwerk von Gemeinden im gesamten Mississippi River Valley hatten seine Nebenflüsse. Sie errichteten Komplexe mit großen Zeremonien- und Grabhügeln aus Erdarbeiten als Ausdruck ihrer hoch entwickelten Kultur. [12] Der historische indianische Chickasaw-Stamm, der als dessen Nachkomme angesehen wurde, besetzte später das Gelände. [edit]
French Forscher, die von René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle [14] und dem spanischen Forscher Hernando de Soto [15][16] angeführt wurden, stießen im 16. Jahrhundert auf den Chickasaw-Stamm in dieser Gegend.
J.D.L. Holmes schreibt in Hudsons Vier Jahrhunderte südlicher Indianer (2007) (2007) und stellt fest, dass diese Stätte ein dritter strategischer Punkt im späten 18. Jahrhundert war, durch den europäische Mächte den Eingriff der Vereinigten Staaten und ihre Einmischung in indische Angelegenheiten kontrollieren konnten. nach Fort Nogales (heutiges Vicksburg) und Fort Confederación (heutiges Epes, Alabama): "Chickasaw Bluffs, gelegen am Mississippi River am heutigen Standort Memphis, Spanien und den Vereinigten Staaten wetteiferten um die Kontrolle Standort, der ein Favorit der Chickasaws war. "[17]: 71
1795 schickte der spanische Generalgouverneur von Louisiana, Francisco Luis Héctor de Carondelet, seinen Vizegouverneur Manuel Gayoso de Lemos, um die Zustimmung des örtlichen Chickasaw auszuhandeln und einzuholen, damit auf dem Bluff eine spanische Festung errichtet werden kann; Fort San Fernando de las Barrancas war das Ergebnis. [18][17]: 71 Holmes bemerkt, dass die Zustimmung trotz Widerstand von "enttäuschten Amerikanern und einer proamerikanischen Fraktion der Chickasaws" erzielt wurde, als die "pro-spanisch" Die Fraktion unterzeichnete die Chickasaw Bluffs Cession, und Spanien stellte den Chickasaws einen Handelsposten zur Verfügung… ". [17]: 71
Fort San Fernando de las Barrancas blieb bis zum wie Holmes zusammenfasst:
[T] Der Vertrag von San Lorenzo oder Pinckneys Vertrag von 1795 [implemented in March 1797][had as its result that] alle sorgfältige, diplomatische Arbeit spanischer Beamter in Louisiana und West Florida, die seit einem Jahrzehnt die Kontrolle der Indianer übernommen haben [e.g., the Choctaws]. wurde rückgängig gemacht. Die Vereinigten Staaten erhielten das Recht, den Mississippi River zu navigieren, und übernahmen die Kontrolle über den Yazoo-Streifen nördlich des einunddreißigsten Parallelen. [17]: 75,71
Die Spanier brachen das Fort ab und transportierten ihr Bauholz und Eisen an ihren Standorten in Arkansas [19]
Im Jahr 1796 wurde der Standort der westlichste Punkt des neu zugelassenen Bundesstaates Tennessee, der sich im damaligen Südwesten der Vereinigten Staaten befand. Das Gebiet wurde noch weitgehend von der Nation der Chickasaw besetzt und kontrolliert. Captain Isaac Guion führte eine amerikanische Streitmacht den Ohio entlang, um am 20. Juli 1797 das Land zu erobern. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt waren die Spanier bereits abgereist. [20] Die Ruinen der Festung blieben zwanzig Jahre später unbemerkt, als Memphis als Festung ausgelegt wurde Stadt, nachdem die Regierung der Vereinigten Staaten die Chickasaw für Land bezahlt hatte. [21]
19. Jahrhundert [ edit ]
Die Stadt Memphis wurde am 22. Mai 1819 gegründet (gegründet am 19. Dezember 1826) von John Overton, James Winchester und Andrew Jackson [22][23] Sie benannten es nach der alten Hauptstadt Ägyptens am Nil. [24] Memphis entwickelte sich im 19. Jahrhundert aufgrund seiner überschwemmungsfreien Lage zu einem Handels- und Transportzentrum hoch über dem Mississippi River. Das in der niedrigen Delta-Region entlang des Flusses gelegene Gebiet wurde als Baumwollplantagen ausgebaut und die Stadt wurde zu einem bedeutenden Baumarkt und Brokerage-Center.
Die Baumwollwirtschaft des Antebellums Süd hing von der Zwangsarbeit vieler afroamerikanischer Sklaven ab, und Memphis entwickelte sich auch zu einem wichtigen Sklavenmarkt für den inländischen Sklavenhandel. Während des frühen 19. Jahrhunderts wurden eine Million Sklaven aus dem oberen Süden in eine gewaltsame Migration in neu entwickelte Plantagengebiete im tiefen Süden transportiert. Viele wurden mit Dampfschiffen entlang der Flüsse Ohio und Mississippi transportiert. Im Jahr 1857 wurde die Memphis and Charleston Railroad fertiggestellt, die die Atlantikküste von South Carolina und diesen wichtigen Hafen des Mississippi River miteinander verbindet. Es war die einzige Ost-West-Eisenbahn, die vor dem Bürgerkrieg in den südlichen Bundesstaaten gebaut wurde. Dies ermöglichte Pflanzern und Baumwollmaklern den Zugang zur Atlantikküste, um Baumwolle nach England zu transportieren, einem wichtigen Markt.
Die Demografie der Stadt änderte sich in den 1850er und 1860er Jahren unter Einwanderungs- und Binnenwanderungswellen dramatisch. Aufgrund der verstärkten Einwanderung seit den 1840er Jahren und der Großen Hungersnot machten die ethnischen Iren 1850 9,9 Prozent der Bevölkerung aus, aber 1860, als die Gesamtbevölkerung 22603 betrug, 23,2 Prozent. [25][26][27] Sie hatten in der Stadt jedoch erhebliche Diskriminierung erlebt 1860 bildeten die Iren den größten Teil der Polizei. Sie gewannen auch viele gewählte und Patronagepositionen in der Stadtregierung der Demokratischen Partei, und ein irischer Mann wurde vor dem Bürgerkrieg als Bürgermeister gewählt. Zu dieser Zeit wurden Vertreter aus 30 Bezirken in den Stadtrat gewählt. Die Elite war besorgt über die Korruption in diesem System und darüber, dass so viele Saloonkeeper in den Stationen tätig waren. Deutsche Einwanderer machten diese Stadt nach den Revolutionen von 1848 zu einem Reiseziel; Sowohl die irische als auch die deutsche Einwandererin waren größtenteils katholisch und fügten dem demografischen Wandel in dieser ehemals protestantischen Stadt ein weiteres Element hinzu.
Tennessee trat im Juni 1861 aus der Union aus, und Memphis wurde kurzzeitig eine Hochburg der Konföderation. In der Seeschlacht um Memphis am 6. Juni 1862 erbeuteten gewehrgekapselte Kanonenboote die Stadt, und Stadt und Staat wurden für die Dauer des Krieges von der Unionsarmee besetzt. Die Befehlshaber der Unionsarmee erlaubten der Stadt, die zivile Regierung während des größten Teils dieser Periode aufrechtzuerhalten, schloss jedoch konföderierte Veteranen aus dem Amt aus, was die politische Dynamik in der Stadt während des Krieges veränderte. [28] Als Memphis als Versorgungsbasis der Union diente, Verbunden mit dem nahegelegenen Fort Pickering blühte es während des Krieges weiterhin wirtschaftlich. In der Zwischenzeit belästigte der konföderierte General Nathan Bedford Forrest die Unionstruppen in der Region.
Die Kriegsjahre trugen zu weiteren dramatischen Veränderungen der Stadtbevölkerung bei. Die Präsenz der Unionsarmee zog viele flüchtige Sklaven an, die aus den umliegenden ländlichen Plantagen flohen. So viele suchten Schutz hinter den Linien der Union, dass die Armee Schmuggelager aufstellte, um sie unterzubringen. Die schwarze Bevölkerung von Memphis stieg von 3.000 im Jahr 1860, als die Gesamtbevölkerung 22.623 betrug, auf fast 20.000 im Jahr 1865, wobei sich die meisten südlich der damaligen Stadtgrenze ansiedelten. [29] Die weiße Bevölkerung stieg ebenfalls an, jedoch nicht auf die gleiches Maß. Nach Rassenunruhen gegen die Schwarzen im Jahr 1866 verließen Tausende die Stadt. Die Gesamtbevölkerung im Jahr 1870 betrug 40.220; Die Zahl der Schwarzen war in diesem Jahr auf 15.000 oder 37,4% der Gesamtzahl zurückgegangen (siehe Zensus-Tabelle im Abschnitt Demografische Angaben).
Nachkriegsjahre, Wiederaufbau und demokratische Kontrolle [ edit ]
Der rasche demografische Wandel, der zum Stress von Krieg und Besatzung beitrug, und die Ungewissheit über die Verantwortlichen führten zu wachsendem Wachstum Spannungen zwischen den irischen Polizisten und schwarzen Unionssoldaten nach dem Krieg. [28] In drei Tagen der Unruhen Anfang Mai 1866 brach der Memphis Riot aus, bei dem weiße Mobs, bestehend aus Polizisten, Feuerwehrleuten und anderen meist ethnischen irischen Amerikanern, angegriffen wurden und tötete 46 Schwarze, 75 wurden verletzt und 100 Personen verletzt; Mehrere Frauen wurden vergewaltigt, fast 100 Häuser zerstört und Kirchen und Schulen in South Memphis schwer beschädigt. Ein Großteil der schwarzen Siedlung lag in Trümmern. Bei dem Aufstand wurden zwei Weiße getötet. [29] Viele Schwarze flohen nach dem Aufstand dauerhaft aus Memphis, zumal das Freedmen's Bureau weiterhin Schwierigkeiten hatte, sie zu schützen. Ihre Einwohnerzahl sank bis 1870 auf etwa 15.000, [28] oder 37,4% der Stadt, die damals eine Gesamtbevölkerung von 40.226 hatte (siehe Zählungstabelle im Abschnitt Demografische Angaben).
Der Historiker Barrington Walker weist darauf hin, dass sich die Iren wegen ihrer relativ jungen Ankunft als Einwanderer und wegen der Ungewissheit ihres eigenen Anspruchs auf "Weißheit" gegen Schwarze gewandt hatten; Sie versuchten, sich von Schwarzen in der Unterklasse zu trennen. Die wichtigsten kämpfenden Teilnehmer waren ethnisch irische, außer Dienst gestellte schwarze Unionssoldaten und neu emanzipierte Befreite aus der afroamerikanischen Gemeinschaft. Walker weist darauf hin, dass sich die Meute nicht in einem direkten wirtschaftlichen Konflikt mit den Schwarzen befand, da die Iren inzwischen bessere Jobs gefunden hatten, die Iren jedoch eine beherrschende Stellung über die Freigelassenen hatten. [27]
Im Gegensatz zu den Unruhen in einigen anderen Städten waren Memphis-Veteranen der Konföderation in der Regel nicht an den Angriffen gegen Schwarze beteiligt. Die Ausschreitungen des Aufruhrs in Memphis und eines ähnlichen Ereignisses in New Orleans im September (zu dem letztere auch konföderierte Veteranen zählten) führten im Norden dazu, dass der Kongress den Rekonstruktionsgesetz und den Vierzehnten Zusatzartikel zur US-Verfassung verabschiedete. [29]
Yellow Jack [ edit ]
In den 1870er Jahren verwüstete eine Reihe von Gelbfieber-Epidemien Memphis, wobei die Krankheit von Flussfahrgästen entlang der Wasserstraßen getragen wurde. Während der Gelbfieber-Epidemie von 1878 wurden zwischen dem 26. Juli und dem 27. November mehr als 5000 Menschen in das amtliche Sterberegister eingetragen. Die große Mehrheit starb an Gelbfieber, wodurch die Epidemie in der Stadt mit 40.000 Menschen zu einem der traumatischsten Menschen wurde schwer in der städtischen Geschichte der Vereinigten Staaten. Innerhalb von vier Tagen, nachdem das Memphis Board of Health einen Ausbruch von Gelbfieber angekündigt hatte, waren 20.000 Einwohner aus der Stadt geflüchtet. Die darauf folgende Panik machte die Armut, die Arbeiterklasse und die afroamerikanische Gemeinschaft am stärksten von der Epidemie gefährdet. Diejenigen, die in Memphis blieben, vertrauten auf freiwillige Helfer religiöser und ärztlicher Organisationen, um sich um die Kranken zu kümmern. Bis zum Ende des Jahres wurden in Memphis mehr als 5.000 Tote festgestellt. Die New Orleans Health Board listete "nicht weniger als 4.600" tot auf. Im Mississippi Valley wurden 120.000 Fälle von Gelbfieber mit 20.000 Todesfällen registriert. Die durch die Epidemie verursachten Verluste in Höhe von 15 Millionen US-Dollar brachen die Stadt Memphis in Konkurs, und infolgedessen wurde ihre Charta vom Staatsgesetzgeber aufgehoben.
1870 war Memphis mit fast 40.000 Einwohnern fast doppelt so groß wie Nashville und Atlanta und war nach New Orleans die zweitgrößte Stadt im Süden. [30] Die Einwohnerzahl von Memphis nahm nach 1870 weiter zu als die Panik von 1873 die USA schwer traf, besonders im Süden. Die Panik von 1873 führte dazu, dass Memphis die Unterklassen inmitten der Armut und Not, die durch die Panik entstanden waren, vergrößerte und Memphis als raue, unbewegliche Stadt weiter glaubte. Vor dem Ausbruch im Jahr 1878 hatte es zwei Gelbfieber-Epidemien, Cholera und Malaria, erlitten, die Memphis einen Ruf als kranke und schmutzige Stadt gaben. Es war für eine Stadt mit einer so großen Bevölkerung wie Memphis nicht bekannt, dass sie kein Wasserwerk hatte; Die Stadt war noch immer auf die Versorgung mit Wasser angewiesen, um Wasser aus den Fluss- und Regenzisternen zu sammeln, und es gelang ihnen nicht, Abwasser zu entfernen. [30] Die Kombination aus einer wachsenden Bevölkerung, insbesondere der unteren und der Arbeiterklasse, und den katastrophalen gesundheitlichen und gesundheitlichen Bedingungen von Memphis machte die Stadt reif für eine schwere Epidemie.
Der erste für die Öffentlichkeit registrierte Fall war, als Frau Kate Bionda, Besitzerin eines italienischen "Snackhauses", am 13. August an Fieber starb. [30] Sie wurde am August offiziell vom Board of Health gemeldet 14, als erster Fall von Gelbfieber in der Stadt. [30] Eine massive Panik folgte. Dieselben Züge und Dampfschiffe, die in fünf Tagen Tausende nach Memphis brachten, brachten über 25.000 Memphianer, mehr als die Hälfte der Bevölkerung. [30] Am 23. August erklärte das Board of Health schließlich eine Gelbfieber-Epidemie in Memphis und in der Stadt zusammengebrochen, seine Bevölkerung blutete. Im Juli dieses Jahres hatte die Stadt 47.000 Einwohner. Bis September blieben 19.000 übrig, und 17.000 von ihnen hatten Gelbfieber. [30] In der Stadt blieben nur noch die unteren Klassen wie deutsche und irische Einwanderer sowie Afroamerikaner. Keiner hatte die Mittel, um aus der Stadt zu fliehen, ebenso wie die Weißen der Mittel- und Oberschicht von Memphis, und so wurden sie einer Stadt des Todes ausgesetzt.
Unmittelbar nach der Erklärung des Board of Health wurde von Charles G. Fisher ein Hilfskomitee für Bürger gebildet. Es organisierte die Stadt in Flüchtlingslager. Die Hauptaufgabe des Ausschusses bestand darin, die Armen von der Stadt zu trennen und sie in Flüchtlingslager zu isolieren. [30] Auch die Howard Association, die speziell für Gelbfieber-Epidemien in New Orleans und Memphis gegründet wurde, organisierte Krankenschwestern und Ärzte in Memphis und im ganzen Land Antwort auf den Ausbruch. [31] Sie wohnten im Peabody Hotel, dem einzigen Hotel, das während der Epidemie seine Türen offen hielt (Crosby 60). Von dort wurden sie ihren jeweiligen Distrikten zugewiesen. Ärzte der Epidemie berichteten, täglich 100 bis 150 Patienten gesehen zu haben. [30]
Die Schwestern des St. Mary's Hospital spielten während der Epidemie eine wichtige Rolle bei der Pflege der unteren Klassen. Die Schwestern von St. Marys, die bereits eine Mädchenschule und ein Kirchenwaisenhaus unterstützten, versuchten auch, das Canfield Asylum, ein Heim für schwarze Kinder, zu versorgen. Jeden Tag wechselten die Schwestern abwechselnd die Waisenkinder in St. Mary's, brachten Kinder in das Canfield Asylum und nahmen bei Hausbesuchen Suppen und Medikamente mit. [30] Zwischen dem 9. September und dem 4. Oktober fielen Schwester Constance und drei weitere Schwestern Opfer der Epidemie und starb. Sie wurden später als "Die Märtyrer von Memphis" bekannt. [32]
Endlich, am 28. Oktober, herrschte tödlicher Frost. Die Stadt sandte Memphianern im ganzen Land Bescheid, um nach Hause zu kommen. Obwohl die Fälle von Gelbfieber bereits seit dem 29. Februar 1874 in den Bestattungsaufzeichnungen von Elmwood Cemetery verzeichnet waren, schien die Epidemie beruhigt zu sein. [30] Das Board of Health erklärte die Epidemie, die über 20.000 Todesopfer und finanzielle Verluste von fast 200 Millionen Dollar verursachte , am Ende. [33] Am 27. November wurde im Greenlaw Opera House eine Generalversammlung abgehalten, um denjenigen zu danken, die zurückgeblieben waren und viele von ihnen starben. Im nächsten Jahr brachen die Einnahmen aus der Immobiliensteuer zusammen, und die Stadt konnte ihre Stadtschulden nicht bezahlen. Als Folge dieser Krise verlor Memphis vorübergehend seine Stadtrechte und wurde von 1878 bis 1893 vom Steuerbehörde als Steuerdistrikt neu klassifiziert. [31] Obwohl Memphis seine Charta und 75% seiner Bevölkerung verlor, war eine neue Ära der sanitären Einrichtungen in der Stadt entwickelt. Eine neue Stadtregierung im Jahr 1879 half, die erste regionale Gesundheitsorganisation zu gründen, und führte die Nation in den achtziger Jahren des 19. Jahrhunderts zu Sanitätsreform und Sanierungsmaßnahmen. [33]
Die vielleicht bedeutendste Auswirkung des Gelbfiebers auf Memphis war im demografischen Wandel. Fast alle Ober- und Mittelklassen von Memphis verschwanden und beraubten die Stadt ihrer allgemeinen Führungs- und Klassenstruktur, die den Alltag bestimmte, ähnlich wie in anderen großen Städten des Südens wie New Orleans, Charleston und Atlanta. In Memphis bildeten die ärmeren Weißen und Schwarzen die Stadt grundlegend und spielten beim Wiederaufbau die größte Rolle. Die Epidemie hatte dazu geführt, dass Memphis ein weniger kosmopolitischer Ort mit einer Wirtschaft war, die dem Baumwollhandel diente, und einer Bevölkerung, die zunehmend aus armen weißen und schwarzen Südstaaten stammte. [34]
Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts [ edit
Die Wahlen von 1890 waren heftig umstritten, was dazu führte, dass Gegner der DP Hadden-Fraktion daran arbeiteten, ihnen die Stimmen zu entziehen, indem sie Schwarze entmachten. Der Staat hatte mehrere Gesetze erlassen, darunter das Erfordernis der Erhebung der Abgaben, was dazu führte, dass viele Schwarze entrechtet wurden. Zwar zahlten Fraktionsfraktionen der Fraktionen in der Zukunft gelegentlich Steuern, um den Schwarzen die Stimmabgabe zu ermöglichen, aber die Afroamerikaner verloren ihre letzten Positionen im Stadtrat bei dieser Wahl und wurden aus der Polizei gezwungen. (Erst nach der Verabschiedung des Bürgerrechtsgesetzes Mitte der 1960er Jahre erlangten sie die Möglichkeit, die Franchise auszuüben.) Die Historikerin LB Wrenn weist darauf hin, dass die demokratische Auseinandersetzung mit der Feindseligkeit der Feindseligkeit zugenommen hatte und die sozialen Spannungen dazu beigetragen hatten, dass drei schwarze Lebensmittelhändler in Weiß gestrandet waren in Memphis im Jahre 1892. [35]: 124,131
Die Journalistin Ida B. Wells von Memphis untersuchte die Lynchmorde, da einer der getöteten Männer ein Freund von ihnen war. Sie zeigte, dass diese und andere Lynchmorde häufiger auf wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Wettbewerb zurückzuführen waren als Straftaten von Schwarzen. Ihre Erkenntnisse wurden als so umstritten angesehen und erregten so viel Ärger, dass sie gezwungen war, die Stadt zu verlassen. Sie untersuchte jedoch weiterhin den Missbrauch von Lynchen und veröffentlichte sie. [35]: 131
Nach dem Verlust von 1878/79 waren die Geschäftsleute bestrebt, die Stadtbevölkerung zu vergrößern, und unterstützten die Annexion neuer Gebiete in die Stadt; Dieses wurde 1890 vor der Volkszählung verabschiedet. Die Annexionsmaßnahme wurde schließlich vom Landtag durch einen mit Immobilienmagnaten erzielten Kompromiss genehmigt, und die Anbaufläche war etwas kleiner als zunächst vorgeschlagen. [35]: 126
Die Stadt wurde mit der Hausherrschaft neu gegründet, wodurch ihre Steuerfähigkeit wiederhergestellt wurde. Der staatliche Gesetzgeber setzte eine Obergrenze fest. [36] Obwohl die Regierungskommission beibehalten und auf fünf Kommissare erweitert wurde, erlangten demokratische Politiker die Kontrolle über die Wirtschaftselite zurück. Die Regierungsform der Kommission wurde als wirksam angesehen, um die Dinge zu erledigen, aber da alle Positionen im Großen und Ganzen gewählt wurden und die Mehrheit der Stimmen erforderten, verringerte diese Praxis die Vertretung von Kandidaten, die bedeutende politische Minderheiten vertraten. [35]: 126f
20. Jahrhundert [ edit ]
In Bezug auf die Wirtschaft entwickelte sich Memphis zum weltgrößten Baumwollmarkt für Flecken Hartholz-Markt, beide Warenprodukte des Mississippi Delta. In den 1950er Jahren war dies der größte Maultiermarkt der Welt. [37] Arbeiter aus ländlichen Gebieten sowie neue Einwanderer wurden von 1900 bis 1950 fast vervierfacht, die Einwohnerzahl stieg von 102.350 auf 396.000 Einwohner. [38]
Von den 1910er bis 1950er Jahren war Memphis ein Ort der Maschinenpolitik unter der Leitung von EH "Boss" Crump. 1911 erhielt er ein Staatsgesetz, um eine kleine Kommission zur Verwaltung der Stadt einzurichten. Die Stadt behielt eine Form der Provisionsregierung bis 1967 bei, und das Patronat blühte unter Crump. Gemäß der Publisher-Zusammenfassung von L.B. Wrenns Studie der Zeit: "Diese Zentralisierung der politischen Macht in einer kleinen Kommission hat die effiziente Abwicklung kommunaler Geschäfte unterstützt, aber die daraus resultierende öffentliche Politik kam den Memphianern der Oberschicht zugute, vernachlässigte jedoch die weniger wohlhabenden Bewohner und Nachbarschaften." 19659184] [ benötigte Seite ] [39] Die Stadt installierte ein revolutionäres Abwassersystem und verbesserte die Sanitär- und Drainagesysteme, um eine weitere Epidemie zu verhindern. Reines Wasser aus einem artesischen Brunnen wurde in den 1880er Jahren entdeckt, um die Wasserversorgung der Stadt zu sichern. Die Kommissare bauten als Teil der nationalen Bewegung „City Beautiful“ ein ausgedehntes Netz von Parks und öffentlichen Arbeiten auf, förderten jedoch nicht die Schwerindustrie, die der Arbeiterklasse eine beträchtliche Beschäftigung beschert hätte. Die mangelnde Vertretung in der Stadtregierung führte dazu, dass Arme und Minderheiten unterrepräsentiert waren. Die Mehrheit kontrollierte die Wahl aller großen Positionen. [35] [ benötigte Seite
Memphis wurde erst 1963 zu einer Heimatherrschaftsstadt, obwohl der Gesetzgeber des Bundesstaates die Regelung geändert hatte Verfassung im Jahr 1953, um Städte und Grafschaften zu regieren. Zuvor musste die Stadt Gesetzesvorlagen genehmigt werden, um ihre Charta und andere Richtlinien und Programme zu ändern. Seit 1963 kann er die Charta durch Zustimmung der Wählerschaft ändern. [35]: 194
In den 1960er Jahren befand sich die Stadt im Zentrum der Bürgerrechtsbewegung Die große afroamerikanische Bevölkerung war zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts von staatlichen Praktiken der Rassentrennung und Entrechtung betroffen. Afroamerikaner zogen aus der Bürgerrechtsbewegung, um ihr Leben zu verbessern. Im Jahr 1968 begann der Streik in Memphis, um die Löhne und die Arbeitsbedingungen zu verbessern. Die Arbeiter waren überwiegend afrikanische Amerikaner. Sie marschierten, um die Öffentlichkeit für ihre Notlage zu sensibilisieren und sie zu unterstützen: die Gefahr ihrer Arbeit und die Kämpfe, Familien mit ihrem niedrigen Lohn zu unterstützen. Ihr Streben nach einer besseren Bezahlung war von der Stadtregierung auf Widerstand gestoßen.
Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. von der Southern Christian Leadership Conference, bekannt für seine Führungsrolle in der gewaltfreien Bewegung, unterstützte die Sache der Arbeiter. King blieb im Lorraine Motel in der Stadt und wurde am 4. April 1968, am Tag nachdem er seine prophetische Aussage gemacht hatte, von einem Scharfschützen ermordet. Ich hatte schon auf dem Berggipfel im Mason-Tempel gesprochen.
Trauer und Wut erregten die Afroamerikaner in der Stadt, nachdem sie von Kings Ermordung erfahren hatten, plünderten und zerstörten Geschäfte und andere Einrichtungen, teilweise durch Brandstiftung. The governor ordered Tennessee National Guardsmen into the city within hours, where small, roving bands of rioters continued to be active.[40] Fearing the violence, more of the middle-class began to leave the city for the suburbs.
In 1970, the Census Bureau reported Memphis's population as 60.8% white and 38.9% black.[41] Suburbanization was attracting wealthier residents to newer housing outside the city. After the riots and court-ordered busing in 1973 to achieve desegregation of public schools, "about 40,000 of the system's 71,000 white students abandon[ed] the system in four years."[42] The city now has a majority-black population; the larger metropolitan area is narrowly majority white.
Memphis is well known for its cultural contributions to the identity of the American South. Many renowned musicians grew up in and around Memphis and moved to Chicago and other areas from the Mississippi Delta, carrying their music with them to influence other cities and listeners over radio airwaves.[43] These included musicians such as Elvis Presley, Jerry Lee Lewis, Muddy Waters, Carl Perkins, Johnny Cash, Robert Johnson, W. C. Handy, B.B. King, Howlin' Wolf, Isaac Hayes, Booker T. Jones, Eric Gales, Al Green, Alex Chilton, Justin Timberlake, Three 6 Mafia, the Sylvers, Jay Reatard, Zach Myers, Aretha Franklin, and many others.
Geography[edit]
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 324.0 square miles (839.2 km2), of which 315.1 square miles (816.0 km2) is land and 9.0 square miles (23.2 km2), or 2.76%, is water.[44]
Cityscape[edit]
Downtown Memphis rises from a bluff along the Mississippi River. The city and metro area spread out through suburbanization, and encompass southwest Tennessee, northern Mississippi and eastern Arkansas. Several large parks were founded in the city in the early 20th century, notably Overton Park in Midtown and the 4,500-acre (18 km2) Shelby Farms. The city is a national transportation hub and Mississippi River crossing for Interstate 40, (east-west), Interstate 55 (north-south), barge traffic, Memphis International Airport (FedEx's "SuperHub" facility) and numerous freight railroads that serve the city.
In both 2011 and 2012, the magazine Travel + Leisure ranked Memphis among the top ten "America's Dirtiest City", for widespread visibly littered public spaces, with unremoved trash, based on surveys by both readership and local citizens.[45]
On a more positive note, in 2013 Forbes magazine ranked Memphis as one of the top 15 cities in the United States with an "emerging downtown" area.[46]
Also in 2013, USA Today readers voted Beale Street as America's Best Iconic Street and Graceland as the Best Iconic American Attraction. The National Civil Rights Museum (at the Lorraine Motel, the site of Rev. Martin Luther King's assassination) ranked third in the poll of national attractions.[47]
Riverfront[edit]
The Memphis Riverfront stretches along the Mississippi River from the Meeman-Shelby Forest State Park in the north, to the T. O. Fuller State Park in the south. The River Walk is a park system that connects downtown Memphis from Mississippi River Greenbelt Park in the north, to Tom Lee Park in the south.
Aquifer[edit]
Shelby County is located over four natural aquifers, one of which is recognized as the "Memphis Sand Aquifer" or simply as the "Memphis Aquifer". Located 350 to 1,100 feet (110 to 340 m) underground, this artesian water source is considered soft and estimated by Memphis Light, Gas and Water to contain more than 100 trillion US gallons (380 km3) of water.[48]
Climate[edit]
Memphis has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), with four distinct seasons, and is located in USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 7b.[49] Winter weather comes alternately from the upper Great Plains and the Gulf of Mexico, which can lead to drastic swings in temperature. Summer weather may come from Texas (very hot and humid) or the Gulf (hot and very humid). July has a daily average temperature of 82.7 °F (28.2 °C), with high levels of humidity due to moisture encroaching from the Gulf of Mexico. Afternoon and evening thunderstorms are frequent during summer, but usually brief, lasting no longer than an hour. Early autumn is pleasantly drier and mild, but can be hot until late October. Late autumn is rainy and cooler; precipitation peaks again in November and December. Winters are mild to chilly, with a January daily average temperature of 41.2 °F (5.1 °C). Snow occurs sporadically in winter, with an average seasonal snowfall of 3.9 inches (9.9 cm). Ice storms and freezing rain pose greater danger, as they can often pull tree limbs down on power lines and make driving hazardous. Severe thunderstorms can occur at any time of the year though mainly during the spring months. Large hail, strong winds, flooding and frequent lightning can accompany these storms. Some storms spawn tornadoes.
The lowest temperature ever recorded in Memphis was −13 °F (−25 °C) on December 24, 1963,[50] and the highest temperature ever was 108 °F (42 °C) on July 13, 1980.[51] Over the course of a year, there is an average of 4.4 days of highs below freezing, 6.9 nights of lows below 20 °F (−7 °C), 43 nights of lows below freezing, 64 days of highs above 90 °F (32 °C)+, and 2.1 days of highs above 100 °F (38 °C)+.
Annual precipitation is high (53.68 inches (1,360 mm)) and is relatively evenly distributed throughout the year, though the period August through October tends to be drier. Average monthly rainfall is especially high in March through May, November and December.
| Climate data for Memphis (Memphis Int'l), 1981−2010 normals,[52] extremes 1872−present[53] | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 79 (26) | 81 (27) | 87 (31) | 94 (34) | 99 (37) | 104 (40) | 108 (42) | 107 (42) | 103 (39) | 95 (35) | 86 (30) | 81 (27) | 108 (42) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 70.0 (21.1) | 74.0 (23.3) | 80.6 (27.0) | 85.9 (29.9) | 90.5 (32.5) | 95.8 (35.4) | 98.0 (36.7) | 98.4 (36.9) | 94.6 (34.8) | 87.7 (30.9) | 79.4 (26.3) | 70.7 (21.5) | 99.7 (37.6) |
| Average high °F (°C) | 49.8 (9.9) | 54.7 (12.6) | 63.9 (17.7) | 73.0 (22.8) | 81.2 (27.3) | 88.9 (31.6) | 91.6 (33.1) | 91.3 (32.9) | 85.1 (29.5) | 74.4 (23.6) | 62.6 (17.0) | 52.1 (11.2) | 72.4 (22.4) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 41.2 (5.1) | 45.5 (7.5) | 54.0 (12.2) | 62.9 (17.2) | 71.7 (22.1) | 79.6 (26.4) | 82.7 (28.2) | 82.0 (27.8) | 75.1 (23.9) | 64.1 (17.8) | 53.1 (11.7) | 43.6 (6.4) | 63.0 (17.2) |
| Average low °F (°C) | 32.6 (0.3) | 36.3 (2.4) | 44.1 (6.7) | 52.9 (11.6) | 62.2 (16.8) | 70.3 (21.3) | 73.8 (23.2) | 72.7 (22.6) | 65.2 (18.4) | 53.8 (12.1) | 43.7 (6.5) | 35.1 (1.7) | 53.6 (12.0) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | 15.0 (−9.4) | 19.5 (−6.9) | 27.0 (−2.8) | 36.1 (2.3) | 49.0 (9.4) | 59.6 (15.3) | 66.2 (19.0) | 64.1 (17.8) | 50.0 (10.0) | 37.9 (3.3) | 28.0 (−2.2) | 18.3 (−7.6) | 10.8 (−11.8) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −8 (−22) | −11 (−24) | 12 (−11) | 27 (−3) | 36 (2) | 48 (9) | 52 (11) | 48 (9) | 36 (2) | 25 (−4) | 9 (−13) | −13 (−25) | −13 (−25) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 3.98 (101) | 4.39 (112) | 5.16 (131) | 5.50 (140) | 5.25 (133) | 3.63 (92) | 4.59 (117) | 2.88 (73) | 3.09 (78) | 3.98 (101) | 5.49 (139) | 5.74 (146) | 53.68 (1,363) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 1.9 (4.8) | 1.3 (3.3) | 0.4 (1.0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | — | 0.2 (0.51) | 3.8 (9.7) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 9.5 | 9.2 | 10.5 | 9.6 | 10.3 | 9.0 | 8.8 | 6.8 | 7.3 | 7.5 | 9.5 | 9.7 | 107.7 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 1.2 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.4 | 2.8 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 68.2 | 66.4 | 63.2 | 62.5 | 66.4 | 66.8 | 69.1 | 69.6 | 71.3 | 66.2 | 67.7 | 68.8 | 67.2 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 166.6 | 173.8 | 215.3 | 254.6 | 301.5 | 320.6 | 326.9 | 307.0 | 251.2 | 245.9 | 173.0 | 151.9 | 2,888.3 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 53 | 57 | 58 | 65 | 69 | 74 | 74 | 74 | 68 | 70 | 56 | 50 | 65 |
| Source: NOAA (relative humidity 1961−1990, sun 1961−1987)[54][55][56][57][58] | |||||||||||||
Demographics[edit]
| Historical population | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Census | Pop. | %± | |
| 1850 | 8,841 | — | |
| 1860 | 22,623 | 155.9% | |
| 1870 | 40,226 | 77.8% | |
| 1880 | 33,592 | −16.5% | |
| 1890 | 64,495 | 92.0% | |
| 1900 | 102,320 | 58.6% | |
| 1910 | 131,105 | 28.1% | |
| 1920 | 162,351 | 23.8% | |
| 1930 | 253,143 | 55.9% | |
| 1940 | 292,942 | 15.7% | |
| 1950 | 396,000 | 35.2% | |
| 1960 | 497,524 | 25.6% | |
| 1970 | 623,988 | 25.4% | |
| 1980 | 646,174 | 3.6% | |
| 1990 | 610,337 | −5.5% | |
| 2000 | 650,100 | 6.5% | |
| 2010 | 646,889 | −0.5% | |
| Est. 2017 | 652,236 | [2] | 0.8% |
| U.S. Decennial Census[59] 2013 Estimate[60] | |||
For historical population data, see: History of Memphis, Tennessee. According to the 2006–2008 American Community Survey, the racial composition of the city of Memphis was:
As of the 2010 United States Census[update]there were 652,078 people and 245,836 households in the city.[63] The population density was 2,327.4 people per sq mi (898.6/km2). There were 271,552 housing units at an average density of 972.2 per sq mi (375.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 63.33% African American, 29.39% White, 1.46% Asian American, 1.57% Native American, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 1.45% from other races, and 1.04% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.49% of the population.
The median income for a household in the city was $32,285, and the median income for a family was $37,767. Males had a median income of $31,236 versus $25,183 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,838. About 17.2% of families and 20.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 30.1% of those under age 18, and 15.4% of those age 65 or over. In 2011, the U.S. Census Bureau ranked the Memphis area as the poorest large metro area in the country.[64] Dr. Jeff Wallace of the University of Memphis noted that the problem was related to decades of segregation in government and schools. He said that it was a low-cost job market, but other places in the world could offer cheaper labor, and the workforce was undereducated for today's challenges.[64]
The Memphis Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), the 42nd largest in the United States, has a 2010 population of 1,316,100 and includes the Tennessee counties of Shelby, Tipton and Fayette; as well as the northern Mississippi counties of DeSoto, Marshall, Tate, and Tunica; and Crittenden County, Arkansas, all part of the Mississippi Delta.
The total metropolitan area has a higher proportion of whites and a higher per capita income than the population in the city. The 2010 census shows that the Memphis metro area is close to a majority-minority population:
the white population is 47.9 percent of the eight-county area's 1,316,100 residents. The non-Hispanic white population, a designation frequently used in census reports, was 46.2 percent of the total. The African American percentage was 45.7. For several decades, the Memphis metro area has had the highest percentage of black population among the nation's large metropolitan areas. The area has seemed on a path to become the nation's first metro area of one million or more with a majority black population.[65]
In a reverse trend of the Great Migration, numerous African Americans and other minorities have moved into DeSoto County, and blacks have followed suburban trends, moving into the suburbs of Shelby County.[65]
Religion[edit]
An 1870 map of Memphis shows religious buildings of the Baptist, Catholic, Episcopal, Methodist, Presbyterian, Congregational, and other Christian denominations, and a Jewish congregation.[66] In 2009, places of worship exist for Christians, Jews, Hindus, Buddhists, and Muslims.
The international headquarters of the Church of God in Christ, the largest Pentecostal denomination in the United States, is located in Memphis. Its Mason Temple was named after the denomination's founder, Charles Harrison Mason. This auditorium is where Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. gave his noted "I've Been to the Mountaintop" speech in April 1968, the night before he was assassinated at his motel. The National Civil Rights Museum, located in Memphis at the Lorraine Motel and other buildings, has an annual ceremony at Mason's Temple of Deliverance where it honors persons with Freedom Awards.
Bellevue Baptist Church is a Southern Baptist megachurch in Memphis that was founded in 1903. Its current membership is around 30,000.[67] For many years, it was led by Adrian Rogers, a three-term president of the Southern Baptist Convention.
Other notable and/or large churches in Memphis include Second Presbyterian Church (EPC), Highpoint Church[68] (SBC), Hope Presbyterian Church (EPC), Evergreen Presbyterian Church (PCUSA), Colonial Park United Methodist Church, Christ United Methodist Church, Idlewild Presbyterian Church (PCUSA), the Pentecostal Church (UPCI), First Baptist Broad, Temple of Deliverance, Calvary Episcopal Church, the Church of the River (First Unitarian Church of Memphis), and Annunciation Greek Orthodox Church.
Memphis is home to two cathedrals. The Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Memphis, and St. Mary's Episcopal Cathedral is the seat of the Episcopal Diocese of West Tennessee.
Memphis is home to Temple Israel, a Reform synagogue that has approximately 7,000 members, making it one of the largest Reform synagogues in the country. Baron Hirsch Synagogue is the largest Orthodox shul in the United States.[69] Jewish residents were part of the city before the Civil War, but more Jewish immigrants came from Eastern Europe in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Memphis is home to an estimated 10,000 to 15,000 Muslims of various cultures and ethnicities.[70]
A number of seminaries are located in Memphis and the metropolitan area. Memphis is home to Memphis Theological Seminary and Harding School of Theology. Suburban Cordova is home to Mid-America Baptist Theological Seminary.
Crime[edit]
In the 21st century, Memphis has struggled to reduce crime. In 2001, it ranked as the second-most dangerous city, and in 2002 as most dangerous by the Morgan Quitno rankings.[71] In 2004, violent crime in Memphis reached a decade record low. However, that trend changed and in 2005, Memphis was ranked the fourth-most dangerous city with a population of 500,000 or higher in the U.S.[72] Crime increased again in the first half of 2006. By 2014, Memphis crime had substantially decreased, bringing the city's ranking up to eleventh in violent crime.[73] Nationally, cities follow similar trends, and crime numbers tend to be cyclical. Nationally, other moderate-sized cities were also suffering large rises in crime, although crime in the largest cities continued to decrease or increased much less.[74][75][better source needed]
In the first half of 2006, robbery of businesses increased 52.5%, robbery of individuals increased 28.5%, and homicides increased 18% over the same period of 2005. The Memphis Police Department responded with the initiation of Operation Blue C.R.U.S.H. (Crime Reduction Using Statistical History), which targets crime hotspots and repeat offenders.[76]
Memphis ended 2005 with 154 murders, and 2006 ended with 160; in 2007 there were 164 murders, 2008 had 138, and 2009 had 132. Violent crimes dropped from 12,939 in 2008 to 12,047. Robbery dropped from 4,788 in 2008 to 4,137 in 2009. Aggravated assault dropped 53,870 in 2008 to 47,158 in 2009 (FBI's UCR). In 2006 and 2007, the Memphis metropolitan area ranked second-most dangerous in the nation among cities with a population over 500,000. In 2006, the Memphis metropolitan area ranked number one in violent crimes for major cities around the U.S., according to the FBI's annual crime rankings, whereas it had ranked second in 2005.[77]
Since 2006, serious crime has dropped in Memphis. Between 2006 and 2008, the crime rate fell by 16%, while the first half of 2009 saw a reduction in serious crime of more than 10% from the previous year. The Memphis Police Department's use of the FBI National Incident Based Reporting System, which is a more detailed method of reporting crimes than what is used in many other major cities, has been cited as a reason for Memphis's frequent appearance on lists of most dangerous U.S. cities.[78]
With regard to homicide statistics released by the city in more recent years, they show another dramatic rise in murders committed in Memphis. There were 140 homicides in the city in 2014 and 161 the following year.[79][80] Then, in 2016, police officials recorded 228 murders, a total that marked a 63% increase in homicides since 2014.[81] According to Michael Rallings, the director of the Memphis Police Department, investigations determined that one third of the murder victims in 2016 had been involved in gang activity.[82]
Economy[edit]
The city's central geographic location has been strategic to its business development. Located on the Mississippi River and intersected by five major freight railroads and two Interstate Highways, I-40 and I-55, Memphis is ideally located for commerce in the transportation and shipping industry. Its access by water was key to its initial development, with steamboats plying the Mississippi river. Railroad construction strengthened its connection to other markets to the east and west.
Since the second half of the 20th century, highways and interstates have played major roles as transportation corridors. A third interstate, I-69, is under construction, and a fourth, I-22, has recently been designated from the former High Priority Corridor X. River barges are unloaded onto trucks and trains. The city is home to Memphis International Airport, the world's second busiest cargo airport (following Hong Kong). Memphis serves as a primary hub for FedEx Express shipping.
As of 2014[update]Memphis was the home of three Fortune 500 companies: FedEx (no. 63), International Paper (no. 107), and AutoZone (no. 306).[83]
Other major corporations based in Memphis include Allenberg Cotton, American Residential Services (also known as ARS/Rescue Rooter); Baker, Donelson, Bearman, Caldwell & Berkowitz; Cargill Cotton, City Gear, First Horizon National Corporation, Fred's, GTx, Lenny's Sub Shop, Mid-America Apartments, Perkins Restaurant and Bakery, ServiceMaster, True Temper Sports, Varsity Brands, and Verso Paper. Corporations with major operations based in Memphis include Gibson guitars (based in Nashville), and Smith & Nephew.
The Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis also has a branch in Memphis.
The entertainment and film industries have discovered Memphis in recent years. Several major motion pictures, most of which were recruited and assisted by the Memphis & Shelby County Film and Television Commission,[84] have been filmed in Memphis, including Making the Grade (1984), Elvis and Me (1988), Great Balls of Fire! (1988), Heart of Dixie (1989), Mystery Train (1989), The Silence of the Lambs (1991), Trespass (1991), The Gun in Betty Lou's Handbag (1992), The Firm (1993), The Delta (1996), The People Vs. Larry Flynt (1996), The Rainmaker (1997), Cast Away (2000), 21 Grams (2002), A Painted House (2002), Hustle & Flow (2005), Forty Shades of Blue (2005), Walk the Line (2005), Black Snake Moan (2007), Nothing But the Truth (2008), Soul Men (2008), and The Grace Card (2011). The Blind Side (2009) was set in Memphis but filmed in Atlanta. The 1992 television movie Memphisstarring Memphis native Cybill Shepherd, who also served as executive producer and writer, was also filmed in Memphis.
Arts and culture[edit]
Cultural events[edit]
One of the largest celebrations of the city is Memphis in May. The month-long series of events promotes Memphis's heritage and outreach of its people far beyond the city's borders. The four main events are the Beale Street Music Festival, International Week, The World Championship Barbecue Cooking Contest, and the Great River Run. The World Championship Barbecue Cooking Contest is the largest pork barbecue-cooking contest in the world.
In April, downtown Memphis celebrates "Africa in April Cultural Awareness Festival", or simply Africa in April. The festival was designed to celebrate the arts, history, culture, and diversity of the African diaspora. Africa in April is a three-day festival with vendors' markets, fashion showcases, blues showcases, and an international diversity parade.[85]
During late May-early June, Memphis is home to the Memphis Italian Festival at Marquette Park. The 2019 festival will be its 30th and has hosted musical acts, local artisans, and Italian cooking competitions. It also presents chef demonstrations, the Coors Light Competitive Bocce Tournament, the Galtelli Cup Recreational Bocce Tournament, a volleyball tournament, and pizza tossing demonstrations. This festival was started by Holy Rosary School and Parish and began inside the School parking lot in 1989. The Memphis Italian Festival is run almost completely by former and current Holy Rosary School and Church members and begins with a 5K run each year.
Carnival Memphis, formerly known as the Memphis Cotton Carnival, is an annual series of parties and festivities in June that salutes various aspects of Memphis and its industries. An annual King and Queen of Carnival are secretly selected to reign over Carnival activities. From 1935 to 1982, the African-American community staged the Cotton Makers Jubilee; it has merged with Carnival Memphis.[86]
A market and arts festival, the Cooper-Young Festival,[87] is held annually in September in the Cooper-Young district of Midtown Memphis. The event draws artists from all over North America and includes local music, art sales, contests, and displays.
Memphis sponsors several film festivals: the Indie Memphis Film Festival, Outflix, and the Memphis International Film and Music Festival. The Indie Memphis Film Festival is in its 14th year and was held April 27–28, 2013.
[88] Recognized by MovieMaker Magazine as one of 25 "Coolest Film Festivals" (2009) and one of 25 "Festivals Worth the Entry Fee" (2011), Indie Memphis offers Memphis year-round independent film programming, including the Global Lens international film series, IM Student Shorts student films, and an outdoor concert film series at the historic Levitt Shell. The Outflix Film Festival, also in its 15th year, was held September 7–13, 2013. Outflix features a full week of LGBT cinema, including short films, features, and documentaries. The Memphis International Film and Music Festival is held in April; it is in its 11th year and takes place at Malco's Ridgeway Four.
On the weekend before Thanksgiving, the Memphis International Jazz Festival is held in the South Main Historic Arts District in Downtown Memphis. This festival promotes the important role Memphis has played in shaping Jazz nationally and internationally. Acts such as George Coleman, Herman Green, Kirk Whalum and Marvin Stamm all come out of the rich musical heritage in Memphis.
Formerly titled the W. C. Handy Awards, the International Blues Awards are presented by the Blues Foundation (headquartered in Memphis) for Blues music achievement. Weeklong playing competitions are held, as well as an awards banquet including a night of performance and celebration.
Music[edit]
Memphis is the home of founders and pioneers of various American music genres, including Memphis soul, Memphis blues, gospel, rock n' roll, Memphis rap, Buck, crunk, and "sharecropper" country music (in contrast to the "rhinestone" country sound of Nashville).
Many musicians, including Aretha Franklin, Jerry Lee Lewis, Johnny Cash, Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Roy Orbison, Booker T. & the M.G.'s, Otis Redding, Isaac Hayes, Shawn Lane, Al Green, Rance Allen, Percy Sledge, Solomon Burke, William Bell, Sam & Dave and B.B. King, got their start in Memphis in the 1950s and 1960s.
Beale Street is a national historical landmark, and shows the impact Memphis has had on American blues, particularly after World War II as electric guitars took precedence. Sam Phillips' Sun Studio, the most seminal recording studio in American popular music, still stands, and is open for tours. Elvis, Johnny Cash, Jerry Lee Lewis, Carl Perkins and Roy Orbison all made their first recordings there, and were "discovered" by Phillips. Many great blues artists recorded there, such as W. C. Handy, Father of the Blues.
Stax Records created a classic 1960s soul music sound, much grittier and horn-based than Motown. Booker T. and the M.G.s were the label's backing band for most of the classic hits that came out of Stax, by Sam and Dave, Otis Redding, Wilson Pickett, and many more. The sound still lives on in the Blues Brothers movie, in which many of the musicians starred as themselves.
Memphis is noted for its influence on the power pop musical genre in the 1970s. Notable bands and musicians include Big Star, Chris Bell, Alex Chilton, Tommy Hoehn, The Scruffs, and Prix.[89][90]
Several notable singers are from the Memphis area, including Justin Timberlake, Kirk Whalum, Three 6 Mafia, Ruth Welting and Kallen Esperian. The Metropolitan Opera of New York had its first tour in Memphis in 1906; in the 1990s it decided to tour only larger cities. Metropolitan Opera performances are now broadcast in HD at local movie theaters across the country.
Visual art[edit]
In addition to the Brooks Museum and Dixon Gallery and Gardens, Memphis plays host to two burgeoning visual art areas, one city-sanctioned, and the other organically formed.
The South Main Arts District is an arts neighborhood in south downtown. Over the past 20 years, the area has morphed from a derelict brothel and juke joint neighborhood to a gentrified, well-lit area sponsoring "Trolley Night", when arts patrons stroll down the street to see fire spinners, DJs playing in front of clubs, specialty shops and galleries.[91][92]
Another developing arts district in Memphis is Broad Avenue. This east-west avenue is undergoing neighborhood revitalization from the influx of craft and visual artists taking up residence and studios in the area.[93][94] An art professor from Rhodes College holds small openings on the first floor of his home for local students and professional artists. Odessa, another art space on Broad Avenue, hosts student art shows and local electronic music. Other gallery spaces spring up for semi-annual artwalks.[95][96]
Memphis also has non-commercial visual arts organizations and spaces, including local painter Pinkney Herbert's Marshall Arts gallery, on Marshall Avenue near Sun Studios, another arts neighborhood characterized by affordable rent.[97]
Literature[edit]
Well-known writers from Memphis include Shelby Foote, the noted Civil War historian. Novelist John Grisham grew up in nearby DeSoto County, Mississippi, and sets many of his books in Memphis.
Many works of fiction and literature are set in Memphis. These include The Reivers by William Faulkner (1962), September, September by Shelby Foote (1977); Peter Taylor's The Old Forest and Other Stories (1985), and his Pulitzer Prize-winning A Summons to Memphis (1986); The Firm (1991) and The Client (1993), both by John Grisham; Memphis Afternoons: a Memoir by James Conaway (1993), Plague of Dreamers by Steve Stern (1997); Cassina Gambrel Was Missing by William Watkins (1999); The Guardian by Beecher Smith (1999), "We are Billion-Year-Old Carbon" by Corey Mesler (2005), The Silence of the Lambs by Thomas Harris, and The Architect by James Williamson (2007).
Tourism[edit]
Points of interest[edit]
- Beale Street - a significant location in the city's history, as well as in the history of the blues. Street performers play live music, and bars and clubs feature live entertainment.
- Graceland - The private residence of Elvis Presley
- Memphis Zoo - features exhibits of mammals, birds, fish, and amphibians.
- Peabody Hotel - known for the "Peabody Ducks" on the hotel rooftop.
- Sun Studio - a recording studio opened in 1950; it now also contains a museum.
- Orpheum Theatre - features Broadway shows, Ballet Memphis and Opera Memphis.
- The New Daisy Theatre - concert venue located on Beale Street.
- Mud Island Amphitheatre - concert venue.[citation needed]
- Memphis Pyramid - location of the largest Bass Pro Shops in the world, an observation deck, restaurants, bowling alley, aquarium, and hotel.[98]
Other Memphis attractions include the Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium, FedExForum, and Mississippi riverboat day cruises.
Museums and art collections[edit]
- National Civil Rights Museum - located in the Lorraine Motel and related buildings, where Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated. It includes a historical overview of the American civil rights movement and interpretation of historic and current issues.
- Memphis Brooks Museum of Art - the oldest and largest fine art museum in Tennessee;[99] the collection includes Renaissance, Baroque, Impressionist, and 20th century artists.
- Belz Museum of Asian and Judaic Art - contains a large collection of Asian jade art, Asian art, and Judaic art.
- Dixon Gallery and Gardens - focuses on French and American impressionism, and contains the Stout Collection of 18th-century German porcelain, as well as a 17-acre (6.9 ha) public garden.
- Children's Museum of Memphis - exhibits interactive and educational activities for children.
- Graceland - the home of Elvis Presley, it attracts over 600,000 visitors annually, and features two of Presley's airplanes, his automobile and motorcycle collection, and other memorabilia. Graceland is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[100]
- Pink Palace Museum and Planetarium - a science and historical museum; it includes the third largest planetarium in the United States and an IMAX theater.
- Beale Street - a public exhibit honoring Memphis musicians, singers, writers and composers.
- Mud Island - a park with a walking trail featuring a scale model of the Mississippi River.
- Victorian Village - a historic district featuring Victorian-era mansions, some of which are open to the public as museums.
- The Cotton Museum - located on the old trading floor of the Memphis Cotton Exchange.
- Stax Museum - the former location of Stax Records.
- Chucalissa Indian Village - a Walls Phase mound and plaza complex operated by the University of Memphis. The village is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and is a National Historic Landmark. The Southeast Indian Heritage Festival is held there annually.[101]
- Burkle Estate - a historic home now used as a museum of slavery and the anti-slavery movement.[102]
Cemeteries[edit]
The Memphis National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery located in northeastern Memphis.
Historic Elmwood Cemetery is one of the oldest rural garden cemeteries in the South, and contains the Carlisle S. Page Arboretum. Memorial Park Cemetery is noted for its sculptures by Mexican artist Dionicio Rodriguez.
Elvis Presley was originally buried in Forest Hill Cemetery, the resting place of his backing band's bassist, Bill Black. After an attempted grave robbing, his body was moved and reinterred at the grounds of Graceland.
| Sports Franchise | League | Sport | Founded | Stadium (capacity) | Attendance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Memphis Tigers | NCAA D1 | Football | 1920 | Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium (58,318) | 43,802 |
| Memphis Grizzlies | NBA | Basketball | 2001 | FedExForum (18,100) | 16,697 |
| Memphis Tigers | NCAA D1 | Basketball | 1920 | FedExForum (18,100) | 12,028 |
| Memphis Redbirds | MiLB | Baseball | 1998 | AutoZone Park (10,000) | 4,037 |
| Memphis Express | AAF | Football | 2018 | Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium (58,318) | — |
| Memphis 901 FC | USL | Soccer | 2018 | AutoZone Park (10,000) | — |
| Memphis Hustle | NBA G League | Basketball | 2017 | Landers Center (8,400) | — |
| CBU Buccaneers | NCAA D2 | Baseball | 1966 | Nadicksbernd Field (800) | — |
The Memphis Grizzlies of the National Basketball Association is the only team from one of the "big four" major sports leagues in Memphis. The Memphis Redbirds of the Pacific Coast League is a Triple-A baseball farm team for the St. Louis Cardinals.
The University of Memphis college basketball team, the Memphis Tigers, has a strong following in the city due to a history of competitive success. The Tigers have competed in three NCAA Final Fours (1973, 1985, 2008), with the latter two appearances being vacated. The current coach of the Memphis Tigers is Anfernee Hardaway. Memphis is home to Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium, the site of University of Memphis football, the Liberty Bowl and the Southern Heritage Classic.
The annual St. Jude Classic, a regular part of the PGA Tour, is also held in the city. Each February the city hosts the Regions Morgan Keegan Championships and the Cellular South Cup, which are men's ATP World Tour 500 series and WTA events, respectively.
Memphis has a significant history in pro wrestling. Jerry "The King" Lawler and Jimmy "The Mouth of the South" Hart are among the sport's most well-known figures who came out of the city. Sputnik Monroe, a wrestler of the 1950s, like Lawler, promoted racial integration in the city. Ric Flair also noted Memphis as his birthplace.
In the 1970s and early 1980s, the former WFL franchise Memphis Southmen / Memphis Grizzlies sued the NFL in an attempt to be accepted as an expansion franchise. In 1993, the Memphis Hound Dogs was a proposed NFL expansion that was passed over in favor of the Jacksonville Jaguars and Carolina Panthers. The Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium also served as the temporary home of the former Tennessee Oilers while the city of Nashville worked out stadium issues.
Parks and recreation[edit]
Major Memphis parks include W.C. Handy Park, Tom Lee Park, Audubon Park, Overton Park including the Old Forest Arboretum,[103] the Lichterman Nature Center (a nature learning center), the Memphis Botanic Garden,[104] and Jesse H Turner Park.
Shelby Farms park, located at the eastern edge of the city, is one of the largest urban parks in the United States.
Law and government[edit]
Beginning in 1963, Memphis adopted a mayor-council form of government, with 13 City Council members, six elected at-large from throughout the city and seven elected from geographic districts. Following passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, civil rights activists challenged the at-large is electoral system in court because it made it more difficult for the minority to elect candidates of their choice; at-large voting favored candidates who could command a majority across the city. In 1995, the city adopted a new plan. The 13 Council positions are elected from nine geographic districts: seven are single-member districts and two elect three members each.
Jim Strickland is the city's current mayor, elected on October 8, 2015. He is a former Memphis city councilman. The previous mayor of the city of Memphis was A C Wharton.
Since the late 20th century, regional discussions have recurred on the concept of consolidating unincorporated Shelby County and Memphis into a metropolitan government, as Nashville-Davidson County did in 1963. Consolidation was a referendum item on the 2010 ballots in both the city of Memphis and Shelby County, under the state law for dual-voting on such measures. The referendum was controversial in both jurisdictions. Black leaders, including then-Shelby County Commissioner Joe Ford and national civil rights leader Al Sharpton, opposed the consolidation. According to the plaintiffs' expert, Marcus Pohlmann, these leaders "tried to turn that referendum into a civil rights issue, suggesting that for blacks to vote for consolidation was to give up hard-won civil rights victories of the past."[105]
In October 2010 before the vote, eight Shelby County citizens had filed a lawsuit in federal court against the state and the Shelby County Elections Commission against the dual-voting requirement. Plaintiffs argued that total votes for the referendum should have been counted together, rather than as separate elections. City voters narrowly supported the measure for consolidation with 50.8% in favor; county voters overwhelmingly voted against the measure with 85% against.[106] The state argued that with the election decided, the lawsuit should be dismissed, but the federal court disagreed.[105]
By late 2013, in pre-trial actions, both sides were trying to disqualify the other's experts, in discussions of whether regional voting revealed racial polarization, and whether voting on the referendum demonstrated racial bloc voting. "The experts for both sides have clashed on whether racial bloc voting is inevitable in local elections and whether that would require some kind of court remedy."[105]
The defendants' expert, Todd Donovan, did not think that polarized voting as revealed for political candidates meant that "African-American voters and white voters have polarized interests when it comes to referendum choices on government administration, taxation, service provision and other policy questions."[105] He noted, "In the absence of distinct political interests that create polarized blocs of referendum voters defined by race, there is no cohesive racial minority voting interest that can be diluted by a referendum."[105]
In 2014, the federal district court dismissed the lawsuit, on the grounds that the referendum would have failed when both jurisdictions' votes were counted together. (In total voting, 64% of voters opposed the consolidation.) In the last week of December 2014, the U.S. Sixth District Court of Appeals upheld that decision, ruling that, ""In this election, the referendum for consolidation did not pass and would not have passed even if there had been no dual-majority vote requirement (with the vote counts combined)."[106]
Before the referendum, the decision was made by the city and county to exclude public school management and operations from the proposed consolidation. As noted below, in 2011 the Memphis city council voted to dissolve its city school board and consolidate with the Shelby County School System, without the collaboration or agreement of Shelby County.[107] The city had authority for this action under Tennessee state laws that differentiate between city and county powers.
Railroad[edit]
The city of Memphis has a lot of railroads. The main railroad of Memphis is a class 1 railroad operated by CSX. Other class 1 railroads in Memphis include BNSF railway, Norfolk Southern, Union Pacific, and Canadian National. Railroads previously in Memphis include Illinois Central (now owned by CN), the Memphis and Charleston, Southern Pacific, and the Rock Island.
Education[edit]
The city is served by Shelby County Schools. On March 8, 2011, residents voted to dissolve the charter for Memphis City Schools, effectively merging it with the Shelby County School District.[108] After issues with state law and court challenges, the merger took effect the start of the 2013–14 school year. In Shelby County, six incorporated cities voted to establish separate school systems in 2013.
The Shelby County School System operates more than 200 elementary, middle, and high schools.
The Memphis area is also home to many private, college-prep schools: Briarcrest Christian School (co-ed), Christian Brothers High School (boys), Evangelical Christian School (co-ed), First Assembly Christian School (co-ed), St. Mary's Episcopal School (girls), Hutchison School (girls), Lausanne Collegiate School (co-ed), Memphis University School (boys), Saint Benedict at Auburndale (co-ed), St. Agnes Academy (girls), Immaculate Conception Cathedral School (girls), and Elliston Baptist Academy (co-ed). Also included in this list is Memphis Harding Academy, a co-ed school affiliated with the Churches of Christ.
Colleges and universities located in the city include the University of Memphis, including University of Memphis Cecil C. Humphreys School of Law, Rhodes College, Christian Brothers University, Memphis College of Art, LeMoyne–Owen College, Baptist College of Health Sciences, Memphis Theological Seminary, Harding School of Theology, Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University, Worldwide (Memphis Campus),[109]Reformed Theological Seminary (satellite campus), William R. Moore College of Technology, Southern College of Optometry, Southwest Tennessee Community College, Tennessee Technology Center at Memphis, Visible Music College, Mid-America Baptist Theological Seminary, and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center. Memphis also has campuses of several for-profit post-secondary institutions, including Concorde Career College, ITT Technical Institute, Remington College,[110]Vatterott College,[111] and University of Phoenix.
The University of Tennessee College of Dentistry was founded in 1878, making it the oldest dental college in the South, and the third oldest public college of dentistry in the United States.[112]
The Christian Brothers High School Band is the oldest high school band in America, founded in 1872.[113]
Examples of Colleges and Universities in Memphis, Tennessee
Television[edit]
Major broadcast television affiliate stations in the Memphis area include, but are not limited to:
- WREG, channel 3, CBS
- WMC, channel 5, NBC
- WKNO, channel 10, PBS
- WHBQ, channel 13, Fox
- WATN, channel 24, ABC
- WLMT, channel 30, The CW
- WPXX, channel 50, Ion
Radio[edit]
Terrestrial broadcast radio stations in the Memphis area include, but are not limited to:
- WQOX – 88.5 FM, Shelby County Schools (Grades K – 12)
- WYPL – 89.3 FM, Other
- WEVL – 89.9 FM, Variety
- WKNO – 91.1 FM, Public Radio
- WUMR – 91.7 FM, University of Memphis (Jazz)
- WHRK – 97.1 FM, Hip Hop
- WXMX - 98.1 FM, Rock Radio
- WMC – 99.7 FM a.k.a. FM 100, Top 40, American Contemporary
- WHBQ – 560 AM, Sports
Cultural references[edit]
Music[edit]
Memphis is the subject of numerous pop and country songs, including "The Memphis Blues" by W. C. Handy, "Memphis, Tennessee" by Chuck Berry, "Night Train to Memphis" by Roy Acuff, "Goin' to Memphis" by Paul Revere and the Raiders, "Queen of Memphis" by Confederate Railroad, "Memphis Soul Stew" by King Curtis, "Maybe It Was Memphis" by Pam Tillis, "Graceland" by Paul Simon, "Memphis Train" by Rufus Thomas, "All the Way from Memphis" by Mott the Hoople, "Wrong Side of Memphis" by Trisha Yearwood, "Stuck Inside of Mobile with the Memphis Blues Again" by Bob Dylan, "Memphis Skyline" by Rufus Wainwright, "Sequestered in Memphis" by The Hold Steady and "Walking in Memphis" by Marc Cohn.
In addition, Memphis is mentioned in scores of other songs, including "Proud Mary" by Creedence Clearwater Revival, "Honky Tonk Women" by the Rolling Stones, "Dixie Chicken" by Little Feat, "Who's Gonna Fill Their Shoes" by George Jones, "Daisy Jane" by America, "Life Is a Highway" by Tom Cochrane, "Black Velvet" by Alannah Myles, "Cities" by Talking Heads, "Crazed Country Rebel" by Hank Williams III, "Pride (In the Name of Love)" by U2, "M.E.M.P.H.I.S." by the Disco Biscuits, "New New Minglewood Blues" and "Candyman" by the Grateful Dead, "You Should Be Glad" by Widespread Panic, "Roll With Me" by 8Ball & MJG, "Someday" by Steve Earle and popularly recorded by Shawn Colvin, and many others.
More than 1,000 commercial recordings of over 800 distinct songs contain "Memphis" in them. The Memphis Rock N' Soul Museum maintains an ever updated list of these on their website.[114]
Film and television[edit]
Many films are set in the American city including, Black Snake MoanThe Blind SideCast AwayChoices: The MovieThe ClientThe FirmForty Shades of BlueGreat Balls of Fire!Hustle & FlowKill SwitchMaking the GradeMemphis BelleMississippi GrindMystery TrainN-SecureThe RainmakerThe Silence of the LambsSoul Menand Walk the Line.
Many of those and other films have also been filmed in Memphis including, Black Snake MoanWalk the LineHustle & FlowForty Shades of Blue21 GramsA Painted HouseAmerican SaintThe Poor and HungryCast AwayWoman's StoryThe Big MuddyThe RainmakerFinding GracelandThe People vs. Larry FlyntThe DeltaTeenage TupeloA Family ThingWithout AirThe FirmThe ClientThe Gun in Betty Lou's HandbagTrespassThe Silence of the LambsGreat Balls of Fire!Elvis and MeMystery TrainLeningrad Cowboys Go AmericaHeart of DixieThe Contemporary GladiatorU2: Rattle and HumMaking the GradeThe River RatThe RiverHallelujah!Elizabethtown3000 Miles to GracelandA Face in the CrowdUndefeatedMan on the MoonNothing But the TruthSore LosersSoul MenI Was a Zombie for the F.B.I.I'm From HollywoodThe Grace CardThis is ElvisCookie's FortuneOpen FiveThe Open RoadIn the Valley of ElahWalk HardMy Blueberry NightsSavage Countryand Two-Lane Blacktop.[115]
The television series GreenleafMemphis Beatand Quarry are set in the city.
Literature
Many works of fiction and literature are set in Memphis. These include The Reivers by William Faulkner (1962), September, September by Shelby Foote (1977); Peter Taylor's The Old Forest and Other Stories (1985), and his Pulitzer Prize-winning A Summons to Memphis (1986); The Firm (1991) and The Client (1993), both by John Grisham; Memphis Afternoons: a Memoir by James Conaway (1993), Plague of Dreamers by Steve Stern (1997); Cassina Gambrel Was Missing by William Watkins (1999); The Guardian by Beecher Smith (1999), "We are Billion-Year-Old Carbon" by Corey Mesler (2005), The Silence of the Lambs by Thomas Harris, and The Architect by James Williamson (2007).
Infrastructure[edit]
Transportation[edit]
Highways[edit]
Interstate 40, Interstate 55, Interstate 22, Interstate 240, Interstate 269, are the main expressways in the Memphis area. Interstates 40 and 55 cross the Mississippi River at Memphis from the state of Arkansas. Interstate 69 is a future interstate that, upon completion, will connect Memphis to Canada and Mexico.
Interstate 40 is a coast-to-coast freeway that connects Memphis to Nashville, Tennessee and on to North Carolina to the east, and Little Rock, Arkansas, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, and the Greater Los Angeles Area to the west.
Interstate 55 connects Memphis to Saint Louis, Missouri and Chicago to the north, and Jackson, Mississippi and New Orleans, Louisiana to the south.
Interstate 240 is the inner beltway which serves areas including Downtown, Midtown, South Memphis, Memphis International Airport, East Memphis, and North Memphis.
Interstate 269 is the nearly completed, larger, outer interstate loop immediately serving the suburbs of Millington, Eads, Arlington, Collierville, and Hernando, Mississippi. It is expected to be completed in 2018.
Interstate 22 connects Memphis with Birmingham, Alabama, via northern Mississippi (including Tupelo) and northwestern Alabama. While technically not entering the city of Memphis proper, I-22 ends at I-269 in Byhalia, Mississippi, connecting it to the rest of the Memphis interstate system.
Interstate 69 will follow Interstate 55 and Interstate 240 through the city of Memphis. Once completed, I-69 will link Memphis with Port Huron, Michigan via Indianapolis, Indiana, and Brownsville, Texas via Shreveport, Louisiana and Houston, Texas.
A new spur, Interstate 555, also serves the Memphis metro area connecting it to Jonesboro, Arkansas.
Other important federal highways though Memphis include the east-west U.S. Route 70, U.S. Route 64, and U.S. Route 72; and the north-south U.S. Route 51 and U.S. Route 61. The former is the historic highway north to Chicago via Cairo, Illinois, while the latter roughly parallels the Mississippi River for most of its course and crosses the Mississippi Delta region to the south, with the Delta also legendary for Blues music.
Railroads[edit]
A large volume of railroad freight moves through Memphis, because of its two heavy-duty Mississippi River railroad crossings, which carry several major east-west railroad freight lines, and also because of the major north-south railroad lines through Memphis which connect with such major cities as Chicago, St. Louis, Indianapolis, Louisville, New Orleans, Dallas, Houston, Mobile, and Birmingham.
By the early 20th century, Memphis had two major passenger railroad stations, which made the city a regional hub for trains coming from the north, east, south and west. After passenger railroad service declined heavily through the middle of the 20th century, the Memphis Union Station was demolished in 1969. The Memphis Central Station[116] was eventually renovated, and it still serves the city.
The only inter-city passenger railroad service to Memphis is the daily City of New Orleans train, operated by Amtrak, which has one train northbound and one train southbound each day between Chicago and New Orleans.
Airports[edit]
Memphis International Airport is the global "SuperHub" of FedEx Express, and has the second largest cargo operations by volume of any airport worldwide, surpassed only by Hong Kong International Airport.[117][118]
Memphis International ranks as the 41st busiest passenger airport in the US and served as a hub for Northwest Airlines (later Delta Air Lines) until September 3, 2013.[119] and had 4,390,000 boarding passengers (enplanements) in 2011, an 11.9% decrease over the previous year.[120] Delta has reduced its flights at Memphis by approximately 65% since its 2008 merger with Northwest Airlines and operates an average of 30 daily flights as of December 2013, with only one seasonal international destination (Cancún). Delta Air Lines announced the closing of its Memphis pilot and crew base in 2012. Other airlines providing passenger service are: Southwest Airlines; American Airlines; SeaPort Airlines and United Airlines.[121]
There are also general aviation airports in the Memphis Metropolitan Area, including the Millington Regional Jetport, located at the former Naval Air Station in Millington, Tennessee.
River port[edit]
Memphis has the second-busiest cargo port on the Mississippi River, which is also the fourth-busiest inland port in the United States.[122] The International Port of Memphis covers both the Tennessee and Arkansas sides of the Mississippi River from river mile 725 (km 1167) to mile 740 (km 1191).[123] A focal point of the river port is the industrial park on President's Island, just south of Downtown Memphis.
Bridges[edit]
Four railroad and highway bridges cross the Mississippi River at Memphis. In order of their opening years, these are the Frisco Bridge (1892, single-track rail), the Harahan Bridge (1916, a road-rail bridge until 1949, currently carries double-track rail), the Memphis-Arkansas Memorial Bridge (Highway, 1949; later incorporated into Interstate 55), and the Hernando de Soto Bridge (Interstate 40, 1973). A bicycle/pedestrian walkway opened along the Harahan Bridge in late 2016, utilizing the former westbound roadway.[124][125][126]
Utilities[edit]
Memphis's primary utility provider is the Memphis Light, Gas and Water Division (MLGW). This is the largest three-service municipal utility in the United States, providing electricity, natural gas, and pure water service to all residents of Shelby County. Prior to that, Memphis was served by two primary electric companies, which were merged into the Memphis Power Company.[127] The City of Memphis bought the private company in 1939 to form MLGW,[127][128] which was an early customer of electricity from the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA).
MLGW still buys most of its power from TVA, and the company pumps its own fresh water from the Memphis Aquifer, using more than 180 water wells.
Health care[edit]
The Memphis and Shelby County region supports numerous hospitals, including the Methodist and Baptist Memorial health systems, two of the largest private hospitals in the country.
Methodist Le Bonheur Healthcare, the largest healthcare provider in the Mid-South, operates seven hospitals and several rural clinics. Modern Healthcare magazine ranked Methodist Healthcare[129] in the top 100 integrated healthcare networks in the United States. Methodist Healthcare operates, among others, the Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, which offers primary level 1 pediatric trauma care, as well as a nationally recognized pediatric brain tumor program.
Baptist Memorial Healthcare operates fifteen hospitals (three in Memphis), including Baptist Memorial Hospital. According to Health Care Market Guide's annual studies, Mid-Southerners have named Baptist Memorial their "preferred hospital choice for quality".
The St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, leading pediatric treatment and research facility focused on children's catastrophic diseases, resides in Memphis. The institution was conceived and built byentertainer Danny Thomas in 1962 as a tribute to St. Jude Thaddeus, patron saint of impossible, hopeless, and difficult causes.
Memphis is also home to Regional One Healthcare,[130] which is locally referred to as "The Med". In recent years, the hospital has experienced severe funding difficulties that nearly led to a reduction or elimination of emergency room services. In July 2010, The Med received approximately $40.6 million in federal and local funding to keep the Elvis Presley Trauma Center operational.
Memphis is home to Delta Medical Center of Memphis,[131] which is the only employee-owned medical facility in North America.
Notable people[edit]
Twin towns – sister cities[edit]
Memphis has three sister cities, as per Sister Cities International:[132]
See also[edit]
References and notes[edit]
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- ^ a b "American FactFinder". Retrieved May 25, 2018.
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- ^ U.S. Census Bureau - Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas Population Totals: 2010-2017https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2017/demo/popest/total-metro-and-micro-statistical-areas.html
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- ^
WISSLER, Clark (1993) Los indios de Estados Unidos de América, Paidós Studio, nº 104 Barcelona - ^ HALE, Duane K & GIBSON, Arrell M. (1989) The Chickasaw, Frank W. Porter III, General Editor, Chelsea House, New York.
- ^ a b c d Holmes, Jack D.L. (2007). "Spanish Policy Toward the Southern Indians in the 1790s [chapter, pp. 65–82]". In Hudson, Charles M. Four Centuries of Southern Indians. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. p. given in superscript. ISBN 9780820331324. Retrieved December 2, 2015.
- ^ Harkins, John E. (2010). "Fort San Fernando De Las Barrancas". Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture (online, January 1 update). Knoxville, Tennessee, USA: University of Tennessee Press, Tennessee Historical Society. Retrieved December 2, 2015.
Louisiana Governor-General Carondelet sent Lieutenant Governor Manuel Gayoso de Lemos to secure the Chickasaws' consent and then erect a fort on the bluff site.
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- ^ Adams, James Truslow and Ketz, Louise Bilebof. Dictionary of American HistoryNew York: Scribner, 1976, p. 302.
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Further reading[edit]
- Biles, Roger. Memphis: In the Great Depression (U of Tennessee Press, 1986).
- Dowdy, G. Wayne (2010). Crusades for Freedom: Memphis and the Political Transformation of the American South. Jackson, Mississippi, USA: University Press of Mississippi.
- Haynes, Stephen R. (2012). The Last Segregated Hour: The Memphis Kneel-Ins and the Campaign for Southern Church Desegregation. New York, USA: Oxford University Press.
- McPherson, Larry E. & Wilson, Charles Reagan (2002) Memphis.
- Rushing, Wanda (2009). Memphis and the Paradox of Place: Globalization in the American South. Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA: University of North Carolina Press, 2009.
- Rushing, Wanda (2009). "Memphis: Cotton Fields, Cargo Planes, & Biotechnology", inSouthern Spaces (online, August 28), see [1]accessed December 2, 2015.
- Rushing, Wanda (June 2017). "No place for a feminist: intersectionality and the Problem South: SWS Presidential Address". Gender & Society. 31 (3): 293–309. doi:10.1177/0891243217701083.
- Thomas, Wendi C. (March 30, 2018). "How Memphis Gave Up on Dr. King's Dream". New York Times.
- Williams, Charles (2013). African American Life and Culture in Orange Mound: Case Study of a Black Community in Memphis, Tennessee, 1890–1980. Lanham, Maryland, USA: Rowman & Littlefield/Lexington Books.
- Weeks, Charles A. (2010). "Paths—River and Other—from Nogales to San Fernando de las Barrancas [Chapter 9]". in Paths to a Middle Ground: The Diplomacy of Natchez, Boukfouka, Nogales, and San Fernando de Las Barrancas, 1791–1795. Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA: University of Alabama Press. pp. 126–145. ISBN 9780817356453. Retrieved December 2, 2015.
External links[edit]
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Memphis (central city)
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